Tugas 1
Nama:
Kunthi Ratu J.
Kelas: 4EA17
NPM: 14211035
Mata Kuliah: Bahasa Inggris 2
A conditional sentences typically consists of an if-clause (which presents a condition) and a result clause.
Example : If it rains, the street get wet.
Conditional Sentences Type 1
True in the Present or Future
In conditional sentences that express true, factual ideas in the present/future, the simple present (not the simple future) is used in the if-clause.
IF - CLAUSE
|
RESULT
CLAUSE
|
If + Simple Present,
|
+
Simple Present
|
+ will + simple
form
|
a.
If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry
during class.
|
The result clause has various possible verb forms. A result clause
verb can be:
1.
The simple present, to express a habitual
activity or situation, as in (a).
2.
Either the simple present or the simple
future, to express an established, predictable fact or general truth, as in
(b).
3.
The simple future, to express particular
activity or situation in the future, as in (c).
4.
Modals and phrasal modals such as should,
might, can, be going to, as id (d).
5.
An imperative verb, as in (e).
|
b. Water freezes or will freeze if the
temperature reaches 32 degrees F/0 degrees C.
|
|
c.
If I
don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during class.
|
|
d.
If it
rains, we should stay home.
If it rains, I might decide to stay home.
If it rains, we can’t go.
If it rains, we’re going to stay home.
|
|
e.
If anyone calss, please take a message.
|
|
f.
If anyone should call, please take a message.
|
Sometimes, should is used in an if-clause. It indicates a little more
uncertainty than the use of the simple present, but basically the meaning of
examples (e) and (f) is the same.
|
Conditional Sentences Type 2
Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or Future
This type is often called the hypothetical or 'unreal' future conditional since it is usually used to speculate about either very unlikely future situations or present and future impossibilities.
IF - CLAUSE
|
RESULT
CLAUSE
|
If + Simple Past
|
+
would + Simple form
|
Examples :
a.
If I taught this class, I wouldn’t give tests.
b.
If he were here right now, he would help us.
c.
If I were you, I would accept their
invitation.
|
In (a) : In truth, I don’t teach the class.
In (b) : In truth, he is not here right now.
In (c) : In truth, I am not you.
Note:
Were is used for both singular and plural subjects. Was (with I, he,
she, it) is sometimes used in informal speech : If I was you, I accept their
invitation.
|
Compare
d.
If I
had enough money, I would buy a car.
e.
If I had enough money, I could but a car
|
In (d) : The speaker wants a car, but doesn’t have enough money.
Would expresses desired or predictable results.
In (e) : The speaker is expressing one possible result. Could = would
be able to. Could expresses possible option.
|
Conditional Sentences Type 2
Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past
This type refers to hypothetical situations in the past. It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
IF - CLAUSE
|
RESULT
CLAUSE
|
If + Past Perfect
|
+
would have + Past Participle
|
Examples :
a.
If you had told me about problem, I would have
helped you.
b.
If they
had studied, they would have passed the exam.
c.
If I hadn’t slipped on the stairs, I wouldn’t have
broken my arm.
|
In (a) : In truth, you did not tell me about it.
In (b) : In truth, they did not study. Therefore, they failed the
exam.
In (c) : In truth, I slipped on the stairs. I broke my arm.
Note:
The auxiliary are almost always contracted in speech. “If you’d told
me, I would’ve helped you (or I’d’ve helped you).
|
Compare
d.
If I
had had enough money, I would have bought a car.
e.
If I had had enough money, I could have bought
a car.
|
In (d) : Would expresses desired or predictable results.
In (e) : Could expresses possible option; could have bought = would
have been able to buy.
|
Source :
- Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2006. UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Third Edition. Whidbey Island, Washington : Longman.
- https://www.tesol-direct.com/guide-to-english-grammar/conditional-sentences
- https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences
www.gunadarma.ac.id
baak.gunadarma.ac.id
studentsite.gunadarma.ac.id
